No.3 Toner Pads (70 Pads)
Tracked ingredients
Key actives from our research database. Click any to read the full evidence dossier.
Evidence behind the ingredients
Real citations from our research database — one per tracked active in this product. Click any ingredient name to read its full evidence dossier.
A multitasker that calms redness, evens out skin tone, and helps oily skin balance out. One of the safest do-a-little-of-everything ingredients.
Moro F et al., Skin Cancer Prevention and Antiaging: Role of Nicotinamide, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2026
Passeron T et al., An Investigator-Blinded, Randomized Trial of a Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen Containing Sclareolide and Niacinamide, Dermatology and Therapy (Heidelberg) 2026
Vergilio MM et al., Topical Formulation with Niacinamide Combined with 5 MHz Ultrasound for Improving Skin Ageing, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2025
A probiotic-based ingredient that strengthens your skin's defenses against irritation and environmental stress.
Zhu X et al., Protective effect of Bifidobacterium animalis CGMCC25262 on HaCaT keratinocytes, International Microbiology 2024;27(5):1417-1428 — B. animalis lysate upregulated HAS-2, AQP3, FLG and reduced RANTES under TNF-α/IFN-γ
Korean authors et al., Selection of microbiome extracts using 3D human skin equivalents and clinical evaluation of an emulsion for skin wrinkle improvement, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea 2023;49(1):47-58 — 21-woman 2-week clinical trial: 5% (v/v) Bifidobacterium bifidum fermented filtrate emulsion reduced periocular wrinkles 5.6% more than placebo
Wang R et al., The pivotal role of Bifida Ferment Lysate on reinforcing the skin barrier function and maintaining homeostasis of skin defenses in vitro, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2023;22(12):3427-3435 — BFL upregulated barrier and antioxidant genes; reduced inflammatory signaling
A Korean-approved anti-wrinkle ingredient that encourages collagen production for a smoother, firmer look.
Nguyen NH et al., Translational Evaluation of a Disodium Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP2Na)-Based Topical Formulation for Physiology-Aligned Skin Rejuvenation, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2026
MFDS Approved Functional Cosmetic Active — Adenosine (anti-wrinkle). Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cosmetic Functional Active Ingredient List
Jang M et al., Dissolving microneedle with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid to improve skin wrinkles, dermal density and elasticity, International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2020;42(3):302-309 — Korean comparison: HMW HA + adenosine outperformed LMW HA across wrinkle and elasticity parameters
+−2 more ingredients
A pure hydrator that holds water in your skin. Makes skin look plumper and smoother almost immediately.
Bravo B et al., Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid for skin quality and signs of skin aging: From literature review to clinical evidence, Dermatology and Therapy 2022;12(12):2657-2680 — HA-based cosmeceuticals reliably improve hydration and signs of skin aging
Lee SG et al., Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Improve Rosacea-Like Phenotype through Anti-Inflammatory and Epidermal Barrier-Improving Effects, Annals of Dermatology 2020
An JH et al., Anti-Wrinkle Efficacy of Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid-Based Microneedle Patch with Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 and Epidermal Growth Factor on Korean Skin, Annals of Dermatology 2019;31(3):263-271 — cross-linked HA microneedle patches improved wrinkles on Korean skin with minimal discomfort
A "postbiotic" (dead probiotic bits) that talks to your skin microbiome without adding live bugs. Patches up a leaky barrier and is friendly even on very reactive skin.
Algieri F, Pimazzoni S et al. (Italy), Postbiotic derived from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CNCM I-5220 as a novel approach to improve ageing-induced skin damage, Scientific Reports 2026 — 6-week topical postbiotic application reduced roughness and increased hydration, elasticity, and echogenicity vs placebo; boosted hyaluronic acid in keratinocytes and pro-collagen in fibroblasts
Flores Rodriguez JC et al. (Mexico/Colombia/Costa Rica), Postbiotics in Dermatology: A Literature Review of Emerging Topical Therapies for Acne, Rosacea, and Eczema, Cureus 2026;18(3) — review of 16 studies: postbiotics improved SCORAD and barrier function in atopic dermatitis; reduced inflammatory acne lesions 50-70% and suppressed sebum 42-72%
Effects of a lotion containing probiotic ferment lysate as the main functional ingredient on enhancing skin barrier: a randomized, self-control study, Scientific Reports 2023
Sources: PubMed · KCI · J-Stage · CNKI · Wanfang · SFD · MFDS · Cochrane · SCCS · CIR. Every entry points to a specific document. See methodology for what each outcome label means.
Layering conflicts
Ingredients in this product that can react with common actives. Avoid stacking unless noted.
- Vitamin Clow
Sensitive skin may flush.
Similar comparisons
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