SEOUL 1988 Serum : Retinal Liposome 2% + Black Ginseng
What it's good for
Key actives from our research database. Click any to read the full evidence dossier.
Works like retinol but converts faster on your skin, so results come sooner with less irritation.
Good for: Anti-aging
A multitasker that calms redness, evens out skin tone, and helps oily skin balance out. One of the safest do-a-little-of-everything ingredients.
Good for: Brightening, Barrier repair, Anti-inflammatory
Brightens dull skin and helps fade dark spots. Also defends against everyday UV and pollution damage when worn under sunscreen.
Good for: Brightening, Antioxidant
A plant-based alternative to retinol. Smooths fine lines and evens tone with much less irritation, making it safer for sensitive skin.
Good for: Anti-aging
A Korean-approved anti-wrinkle ingredient that encourages collagen production for a smoother, firmer look.
Good for: Anti-aging
A workhorse hydrator that pulls water into your skin. In nearly every good moisturizer for a reason.
Good for: Hydrating
A workhorse antioxidant that defends your skin from daily oxidative damage. Pairs especially well with vitamin C, and it's in nearly every good moisturizer for a reason.
Good for: Antioxidant
The third (and most often missing) lipid in the skin barrier triumvirate. Without it, even ceramide-heavy creams underperform. Topping it up is what lets compromised, aged, or eczema-prone skin actually rebuild its waterproof layer.
Good for: Barrier repair
A staple in Hanbang (traditional Korean medicine) skincare. It's packed with antioxidants and ginsenosides that help firm the skin, boost circulation, and defend against environmental aging.
Good for: Anti-aging, Antioxidant, Barrier repair
Evidence behind the ingredients
Real citations from our research database, one per tracked active in this product. Click any ingredient name to read its full evidence dossier.
Works like retinol but converts faster on your skin, so results come sooner with less irritation.
Monteil R et al., Enhancing Facial Rejuvenation Outcomes With a Novel Retinaldehyde-Based Cream: A Comparative Randomized Intra-Individual Study, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2025;24(12):e70555 — split-face RCT of topical retinaldehyde cream
Siddiqui Z et al., Comparing Tretinoin to Other Topical Therapies: A Systematic Review, American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2024;25(6):873-890 — SR recommending retinaldehyde as a second-line retinoid precursor for tretinoin-intolerant patients
Spierings NMK, Evidence for the Efficacy of Over-the-counter Vitamin A Cosmetic Products in the Improvement of Facial Skin Aging: A Systematic Review, Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2021;14(9):33-40 — SR covering topical retinaldehyde for facial aging
A multitasker that calms redness, evens out skin tone, and helps oily skin balance out. One of the safest do-a-little-of-everything ingredients.
Moro F et al., Skin Cancer Prevention and Antiaging: Role of Nicotinamide, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2026
Passeron T et al., An Investigator-Blinded, Randomized Trial of a Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen Containing Sclareolide and Niacinamide, Dermatology and Therapy (Heidelberg) 2026
Vergilio MM et al., Topical Formulation with Niacinamide Combined with 5 MHz Ultrasound for Improving Skin Ageing, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2025
Brightens dull skin and helps fade dark spots. Also defends against everyday UV and pollution damage when worn under sunscreen.
Krutmann J et al. PINGing Sunshine: A Review of the Evidence for Adding Non-Filtering Photoprotective Ingredients to Sunscreens. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2025;41(6). — Review of Photoprotective INGredients (PINGs); L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) identified as a top-ranked PING demonstrating efficacy across multiple photodamage endpoints.
Pullar JM et al., The roles of vitamin C in skin health, Nutrients 2017;9(8):866 — concluded topical efficacy "poorly understood"; supports dietary vitamin C
Lee JH et al., Effects of VitabridC12 on Skin Inflammation, Annals of Dermatology 2017
+−6 more ingredients
A plant-based alternative to retinol. Smooths fine lines and evens tone with much less irritation, making it safer for sensitive skin.
Fanning N et al., Human Clinical Trials Using Topical Bakuchiol Formulations for the Treatment of Skin Disorders: A Systematic Review, Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2024;23(4):239-243 — bakuchiol trials suggest efficacy but are methodologically limited (mostly uncontrolled, combination formulations)
Hu L et al., Effect and Mechanism of Tricholoma matsutake Extract Combined with Bakuchiol and Ergothioneine on UVB-Induced Skin Aging, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2024
Puyana C et al., Applications of Bakuchiol in Dermatology: Systematic Review of the Literature, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2022
A Korean-approved anti-wrinkle ingredient that encourages collagen production for a smoother, firmer look.
Yang HJ et al., Two-phase delivery using a horse oil and adenosine-loaded dissolving microneedle patch for skin barrier restoration, moisturization, and wrinkle improvement, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2019;18(3):936-943 — Korean clinical study (n=20): adenosine microneedle patches improved elasticity, hydration, dermal density, wrinkles
Kang G et al., Adenosine-loaded dissolving microneedle patches to improve skin wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity and hydration, International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2018;40(2):199-206 — Korean-authored; adenosine microneedle patches matched or exceeded adenosine cream for multiple endpoints
Kim MY et al., Effect of adenosine on melanogenesis in B16 cells and zebrafish, Annals of Dermatology 2014;26(2):209-13 — adenosine suppresses pigmentation via negative regulation of tyrosinase in cellular and zebrafish models
A workhorse hydrator that pulls water into your skin. In nearly every good moisturizer for a reason.
Danby SG et al., Different types of emollient cream exhibit diverse physiological effects on the skin barrier in adults with atopic dermatitis, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2022;47(6):1154-1164 — glycerol+urea emollient delivered superior barrier-strengthening and irritant protection
Youssef R et al., Glycerol 85% efficacy on atopic skin and its microbiome: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2021;32(7):730-736 — topical glycerol 85% RCT on atopic skin
Evans NJ et al., Human axillary skin condition is improved following incorporation of glycerol into the stratum corneum from an antiperspirant formulation, Archives of Dermatological Research 2017;309(9):739-748 — 4% glycerol penetrated axillary SC, reduced irritation, improved hydration
A workhorse antioxidant that defends your skin from daily oxidative damage. Pairs especially well with vitamin C, and it's in nearly every good moisturizer for a reason.
Neves JR et al., Efficacy of a topical serum containing L-ascorbic acid, neohesperidin, pycnogenol, tocopherol, and hyaluronic acid in relation to skin aging signs, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2022;21(10):4462-4469 — tocopherol-containing antioxidant serum reduced pollution-induced damage and improved aging signs
Warshaw EM et al., Patch Testing With Tocopherol and Tocopherol Acetate: The North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience, 2001 to 2016, Dermatitis 2021;32(5):308-318 — 15-year NACDG data: positive patch-test reactions to tocopherol rare given widespread cosmetic use
Lin FH et al., Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin, Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005;125(4):826-832 — ferulic acid + vit C + vit E combo doubled photoprotection vs C+E alone (cross-listed; same paper cited for Ferulic Acid and Vit C)
The third (and most often missing) lipid in the skin barrier triumvirate. Without it, even ceramide-heavy creams underperform. Topping it up is what lets compromised, aged, or eczema-prone skin actually rebuild its waterproof layer.
Sugarman JL, Parish LC. Efficacy of a lipid-based barrier repair formulation in moderate-to-severe pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(12):1106-1111. — ceramide/cholesterol/fatty-acid triple-lipid formulation reduced disease severity, pruritus and improved sleep at days 14 and 28.
Chamlin SL, Kao J, Frieden IJ, Sheu MY, Fowler AJ, Fluhr JW, Williams ML, Elias PM. Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(2):198-208. — physiologic ceramide:cholesterol:fatty-acid lipid mixture; SCORAD improved significantly in 22 of 24 patients.
Zettersten EM, Ghadially R, Feingold KR, Crumrine D, Elias PM. Optimal ratios of topical stratum corneum lipids improve barrier recovery in chronologically aged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(3 Pt 1):403-408.
A staple in Hanbang (traditional Korean medicine) skincare. It's packed with antioxidants and ginsenosides that help firm the skin, boost circulation, and defend against environmental aging.
Jung SW et al., Protective Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage in Human Hair, Annals of Dermatology 2025
Kim H et al., The Beneficial Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract on Atopic Dermatitis Patients: An 8 Weeks Open, Noncomparative Clinical Study, Annals of Dermatology 2018
Park HM et al., A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and safety of enzyme-treated red ginseng powder complex (BG11001) for antiwrinkle and proelasticity in individuals with healthy skin, Journal of Ginseng Research 2016
Sources: 10 clinical journals and regulatory databases across the US, EU, Korea, Japan, and China. Every entry points to a specific document. See methodology for the full list and what each outcome label means.
Full ingredient list
Everything on the package label, not just the tracked actives above.
+−Show all 40 ingredients
Listed in the order printed on the package. By regulation, ingredients at 1% or higher are listed in descending order by concentration, so the first entry is the largest part of the formula.
- Panax Ginseng Root Extract
- Water
- Glycerin
- Dipropylene Glycol
- Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
- 1,2-Hexanediol
- Niacinamide
- Butylene Glycol
- Methyl Gluceth-20
- Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate
- Hydrogenated Lecithin
- Sorbitan Stearate
- Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer
- Macadamia Ternifolia Seed Oil
- Carbomer
- Tromethamine
- Betaine
- Tocopherol
- Ethylhexylglycerin
- Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil
- Adenosine
- Disodium EDTA
- Cholesterol
- Polyglyceryl-10 Oleate
- Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols
- Phytosteryl/Behenyl/Octyldodecyl Lauroyl Glutamate
- Retinal
- Silica
- Aluminum/Magnesium Hydroxide Stearate
- Potassium Cetyl Phosphate
- Pentaerythrityl Tetra-Di-T-Butyl Hydroxyhydrocinnamate
- Arctium Lappa Root Extract
- Cnidium Officinale Root Extract
- Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract
- Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract
- Rehmannia Chinensis Root Extract
- 3-0-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid
- Bakuchiol
- SH-Oligopeptide-1
- SH-Oligopeptide-2
Layering conflicts
Ingredients in this product that can react with common actives. Avoid stacking unless noted.
- Benzoyl Peroxidemedium
Benzoyl peroxide breaks down vitamin C, making both less effective. Use one in the morning and the other at night.
- Retinollow
Vitamin C and retinol work best at different pH levels. Use vitamin C in the morning and retinol at night.
Similar comparisons
Not medical advice. GlowPal is educational. Patch-test new products and talk to a qualified healthcare professional before changing your routine, especially if you're pregnant, nursing, or have a diagnosed skin condition. See our terms.